WHAT IS A NETWORK OR IP ADDRESS?

 

NETWORK AND IP ADDRESS

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. A network address is any logical or physical address that uniquely distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network. It is a numeric/symbolic number or address that is assigned to any device that seeks access to or is part of a network.

To facilitate communicating between multiple interconnected networks, the IP address is broken into two parts. One part is the network address, and the other part is the local address. Each network has a unique network address, and every device on that network has the same network address portion in its IP address.

 

IP VERSIONS

There are two versions of IP that currently coexist in the global Internet: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6). IP addresses are made up of binary values and drive the routing of all data over the Internet. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, and IPv6 addresses 128 bits long.

IPv4 is 32-Bit IP address whereas IPv6 is a 128-Bit IP address. IPv4 is a numeric addressing method whereas IPv6 is an alphanumeric addressing method. IPv4 binary bits are separated by a dot(.) whereas IPv6 binary bits are separated by a colon(:).

 

BINARY DIGITS

A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of information in a computer. It is used for storing information and has a value of true/false, or on/off. An individual bit has a value of either 0 or 1, which is generally used to store data and implement instructions in groups of bytes.

The technology of reading and storing only two states is referred to as binary technology. All numbers and letters are also changed into binary code before being stored in a computer.

For example, counting from 0 to 10 in binary looks like this: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010.

IP ADDRESS CLASSES

With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.

Class	Address range	Supports
Class A	1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254	Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class B	128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254	Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
Class C	192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254	Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
Class D	224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255	Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E	240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254	Reserved for future use, or research and development purposes.

Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the loopback or localhost, for example, 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address. Range 255.255.255.255 broadcast to all hosts on the local network.

WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN CRIMPING RJ-45 CONNECTOR?

 

A RJ45 connector is a modular 8 position, 8 pin connector used for terminating Cat5e or Cat6 twisted pair cable. ... Straight through is the most common type of cable and is used for connecting your computer to your network. The other pinouts are for specialty cables that are used for unique network applications.

Steps in Crimping R-J45 Connector:

Step 1

Choose your cable and the right RJ45 connectors.

First of all, you should confirm the cable and connectors are the same category, means cat5e cable couple with cat5e rj45 connectors, cat6 cable with cat6 connectors, cat6a cable with cat6a connectors, cat 7 cables with cat 7 rj45 connectors. Secondly, the OD of the cable wires must couple with the connectors’ wire channel(24AWG – 0.95mm; 26AWG – 0.9mm; 28AWG – 0.75mm; 30AWG – 0.6mm; 32AWG – 0.55mm)

If need, you can also insert the cable into a RJ45 boot as following picture,the RJ45 boot will protect the plug clip when cables are pulled through bundles.

Step 2

Strip 1.8cm to 2cm of the jacket at the end of the cable.

Step3
Cut of the core of the cable and abandon.

Step 4
Straighten the 4 pairs twisted wires and rank the wires between fingers.

There are 2 kind of orders: T568-A and T568-B

T568-A wires turn(Green-White/Green, Orange-White/Blue, Blue-White/Orange, Brown-White/Brown)
T568-B wires turn(Orange-White/Orange, Green-White/Blue, Blue-white/Green, Brown-White/Brown).

Step 5
Cut off about 0.5cm of the wires and keep the left wires neat.

The left wires must be very neat, and easy to wire into the connectors.

Step 6
Insert the wires into the RJ45 connectors.

Be careful and make sure that the turns of the wires doesn’t misplace

If you have inserted cable into a RJ45 boot, after inserted the wire,please insert RJ45 boot into connector, keep two claw to be inserted in the connector.

Step 7
Crimp the RJ45 connectors to the cable.

By using the crimping tool, and press hardly, make sure the contacts of the connectors entirely connected with the wires.

If you have inserted RJ45 boot into the connector, when you Crimp the RJ45 connectors into cable,rj45 boot’s two claw also have been crimped into connector.

Step 8
Test the cable.

Use a cable tester to assure that your cable is working properly when both ends are crimped.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF NETWORK CABLE?

 

Networking cables

Description

Description

Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share printers, scanners etc. Different types of network cables, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and twisted pair cables, are used depending on the network's physical layer, topology, and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).

Types of Networking Cables

Twisted pair

• twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which pairs of wires (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external sources. This type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cabling is used in short patch cables and in the longer runs in structured cabling. 
• An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of twisted pair Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly that would normally be connected via a network switch, Ethernet hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network adapters. Most current Ethernet devices support Auto MID-X, so it doesn't matter whether you use crossover or straight cables.

A twisted pair cable with shielding

Fiber Optics 

• An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective material. Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and can cover longer distances. There are two major types of optical fiber cables: shorter-range multi-mode fiber and long-range single-mode fiber. 
  
• This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from the thin strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over the long distance. The core is wrapped in the cladding; the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the jacket.  

Multi-mode fiber cables with LC (top) and ST (bottom) optical fiber connectors, both with protective caps in place.

• 
  An optical fiber cable is completely immune to EMI and RFI. This cable can transmit data over a long distance at the highest speed. It can transmit data up to 40km at the speed of 100gbps.
• This cable uses light to send data. It reflects light from one end point to another. Based on how beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two types of fiber cable: SMF and MMF.
• Single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single modeof light - the transverse mode. 
• Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Multi-mode links can be used for data rates up to 100 Gbit/s.

Coaxial Cables

• Coaxial Cable form a transmission line and confine the electromagnetic wave inside the cable between the center conductor and the shield. The transmission of energy in the line occurs totally through the dielectric inside the cable between the conductors. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them. 
• Early Ethernet, 10BASE5 and 10BASE2,, used baseband signaling over coaxial cables. In the 20th century the L-carrier system used coaxial cable for long-distance calling. 
• Coaxial cables are commonly used for television and other broadband signals. Although in most homes coaxial cables have been installed for transmission of TV signals, new technologies (such as the ITU-T G. hn standard) open the possibility of using home coaxial cable for high-speed home networking applications (Ethernet Over Coax).

A coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by a sheath of conductor with insulation in between.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT NETWORK DEVICES?

 

Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts, end systems or data terminal equipment.

 

An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. A repeater hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision. In addition to standard 8P8C ("RJ45") ports, some hubs may also come with a BNC or an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

 

A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, and, by the IEEE, MAC bridge) is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. Unlike repeater hubs, which broadcast the same data out of each port and let the devices pick out the data addressed to them, a network switch learns the identities of connected devices and then only forwards data to the port connected to the device to which it is addressed.

 

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node.

 

A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing. Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate networks as if they were a single network. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer (layer 2). If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless bridge.

 

A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter or physical network interface, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the TCP offload engine.

 

A modem also known as "Modulator-Demodulator." It is a hardware component that allows a computer or another device, such as a router or switch, to connect to the Internet. It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data (1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data.

 

A network transceiver also known as “ transmitter-receiver,” a device that both transmits and receives analog or digital signals. The term is used most frequently to describe the component in local-area networks (LANs) that actually applies signals onto the network wire and detects signals passing through the wire. On a LAN the transceiver is responsible to place signals onto the network media and also detecting incoming signals traveling through the same cable.